Nitrogen and carbon cycle perturbations through the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event 2 (similar to 94 Ma) in the Vocontian Basin (SE France)

Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, spanning the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, was an episode of major perturbations in global biogeochemical cycles, characterized by the widespread burial of organic carbon in both oceans and epicontinental basins. In the Vocontian Basin (SE France), this event was expressed by the deposition of the Niveau Thomel, a succession of interbedded dark shales, grey marls and bioturbated carbonates as observed in the Lambruisse section. Analyses of the total organic carbon (TOC) content, combined with the concentrations of redox-sensitive trace elements, revealed that conditions fluctuated from oxic to suboxic-anoxic during the deposition of the Niveau Thomel. Transient periods of deoxygenation were related to perturbations in nutrient cycling reflected by near-zero to negative delta N-15 signatures indicative of increased diazotrophy. The development of deoxygenated conditions in the Vocontian Basin was likely preconditioned by hydrographically restricted conditions, as confirmed by Mo vs. U enrichments, reducing bottom-water ventilation associated with water-column stratification. Intervals of reoxygenation were likely linked to climate-induced changes. In particular, a phase of regional or global cooling associated with a drop in pCO(2), called the Plenus Cold Event (PCE) resulted in vigorous reoxygenation of the Vocontian Basin.