Early predictive factors and biomarkers for the response to immunological checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1)

The understanding of antitumor immunity led to the clinical development of immunotherapies that are able to deeply improve the prognosis of patients. Early identification of patients who might benefit from these treatments is a significant issue. Neoantigen load, program death-ligand 1 expression, and quality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells might be these future biomarkers. The exploration of regulatory mechanisms for these drugs might also open up new therapeutic possibilities for diseases where such immunotherapies are currently not effective.