Andrologic consequences of chronic renal failure: State of the art for the yearly scientific report of the French National Association of Urology

Objective. - To describe the state of the art of current knowledge regarding gonadal consequences of end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal transplantation. Material and method. - A systematic review of the literature search was performed from the databases Medline (NLM, Pubmed) and Embase, focused on the following keywords: ``chronic kidney disease''; ``chronic renal failure''; ``hypogonadism''; ``kidney transplantation''; ``testicular dysfunction''; ``testosterone''. Publications obtained were selected based on methodology, language, date of publication (last 10 years) and relevance. Prospective and retrospective studies, in English or French, review articles; meta-analysis and guidelines were selected and analyzed. This search found 383 articles. After reading titles and abstracts, 51 were included in the text, based on their relevance. Results. - The prevalence of hypogonadism in CKD is reported between 24 % and 66 %, and decreases partially after renal transplantation. This is a hypogonadotropic hypogonadism whose pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving mainly a primitive testicular deficit, a hypothalamic pituitary dysregulation, and an hyperprolactinemia. The consequences of this hypogonadism are not only sexual but also contribute to anemia, sarcopenia, atherosclerosis, and potentially in the progression of CKD. Hypogonadism is an independent risk factor for mortality in CKD patients. Conclusions. - CKD is frequently associated with an hypogonadism whose correction is validated only in the setting of erectile dysfunction treatment. The other benefits of the correction of hypogonadism in the CKD patients, including overall survival, needs to be evaluated. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.