Synthesis of degradation mechanisms and of their impacts on degradation rates on proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and lithium-ion nickel-manganese-cobalt batteries in hybrid transport applications

Electrification of the transport sector is one of the 21st century priorities to meet the targets of energy transition. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have been attracting significant attention thanks to their high specific energy and short refuelling time. Despite significant progress, their lifespan is still limited in transport applications. A supporting energy storage system (ESS) is needed to reduce PEMFC sizing, hydrogen consumption and improve its durability. In this paper, nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) lithium-ion batteries are considered as supporting ESS. This paper emphasizes electrochemical degradations generated during hybrid operating conditions on PEMFC and NMC batteries. After analysing the operating modes affecting sources durability, their degradation rates are reviewed from the literature in terms of voltage drop for PEMFC and in terms of capacity and power fade for NMC battery. This investigation aims at understanding degradation mechanisms and providing estimations of PEMFC degradation rates to be considered in energy management for hybrid applications.