Simultaneous removal of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn from synthetic solutions on a hemp-based felt. III. Real discharge waters

Two hemp-based materials were used as nonconventional adsorbents for the final treatment of industrial discharge waters (DWs) from a metal-finishing plant. The first adsorbent, referred as HEMP, was a felt made of 100% hemp fiber. The second was the same felt coated with a maltodextrin-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic crosslinked polymer (HEMPM) in order to provide ion-exchange properties to the material by introducing carboxylic groups. The batch experiments showed that both materials exhibited high adsorption capacities toward metal ions present in 12 DWs, leading to concentrations well below those allowed by the French regulation. Measurements of the germination rate of Lactuca sativa seeds and of mobility inhibition of Daphnia magna, used as ecotoxicological tests, were carried out on DWs before and after hemp treatment. The average germination rate before and after treatment were 47.2 +/- 4.1 for untreated DWs, 71.2 +/- 6.3 for DWs treated by HEMP, and 89.3 +/- 4.7 for DWs treated by HEMPM. The EC50 values for four DWs were between 2.1 and 10.4% of DW, indicating high toxicity. After HEMPM treatment, exposure to the DW for 24 h did not cause immobilization (EC50 > 90%). (c) 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48823.