A review of mechanical energy storage systems combined with wind and solar applications

Mechanical energy storage systems are among the most efficient and sustainable energy storage systems. There are three main types of mechanical energy storage systems; flywheel, pumped hydro and compressed air. This paper discusses the recent advances of mechanical energy storage systems coupled with wind and solar energies in terms of their utilization. It also discusses the advances and evolution in each type and compares them in terms of performance, capacity, response and utilizations. The reviewed studies exhibit all parameters that affect the performance of each storage type in which the configuration of the system has the major effective role. Choosing the suitable mechanical storage type depends on the requirements of each application such as using the flywheel for short duration applications. If long duration is needed, then it is preferred to use either pumped hydro or compressed air storage systems, knowing that the former has higher efficiency while the latter provides a faster start up. For the sake of the environment, it is recommended to use the adiabatic or isothermal compressed air storage. In all cases that combine MESSs with solar or wind energy, the series connection is preferred in order to provide stability and better control strategy.