Urban soil phytomanagement for Zn and Cd in situ removal, greening, and Zn-rich biomass production taking care of snail exposure

The phytoextraction potential of Arabidopsis halleri (L.) O'Kane & Al Shehbaz and Salix viminalis L. to partially remove Zn and Cd in soil was investigated. In an urban field site, a very short rotation coppice of willows was implemented, and growth parameters were monitored for 3 years. A. halleri was cultivated in the same site with or without fertilizer to improve biomass yield and/or Zn and Cd aerial part concentrations. Effects of harvest and co-cultivation on these two parameters were measured. To determine if willows and A. halleri leaves were risky in case of consumption by a herbivorous invertebrate like the landsnail Cantareus aspersus, metal concentrations of snails fed with Zn- and Cd-enriched and low enriched leaves were compared. Willows and A. halleri grew well on the metal-contaminated soil (1.7 and 616 mg kg(-1) Cd and Zn, respectively). The A. halleri Zn foliar concentration reached the Zn hyperaccumulation threshold (> 10,000 mg kg(-1) DW) in the presence of NPK fertilizer and although the soil was alkaline (pH > 8.2). Cd concentration increased with harvest and fertilizer. Cd and Zn foliar concentrations of willows were far above baseline values. Laboratory snails exposure revealed that willow leaves ingestion caused a moderate increase of Cd, Pb, and Zn bioaccumulation in snails compared to the one caused by A. halleri ingestion. The soil and plant metal concentrations were reflected by field snail biomonitoring. This study confirmed the interest of selecting A. halleri and willows to partially remove Zn and Cd in the soil and emphasized their potential usefulness in greening urban contaminated area and producing raw materials for green chemistry while paying attention to the environmental pollutant transfer.