Lime Range in Ancient Economy. Sample and Identification Methods of Types of Lime from Archeological Kilns (XRD, SEM-EDS, Petrography) (Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern Times)

Lime from ancient, medieval and modern lime kilns was analyzed with X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS and petrography. Unlike lime from mortars, lime from lime kilns has the advantage of beingpure, no admixtures being added yet. This study reveals that lime burners made a great diversity of limes (non-hydraulic, hydraulic, magnesian) The best results were obtained with the XRD method, which documents numerous aspects of the ``chain operatoire'' of lime production. The comparison with ancient, medieval and modern scientists treaties demonstrates that the lime range is essential to many economical sectors, such as construction, agriculture and industry. Through this approach, it is now possible to write a history of lime trade and uses, from Antiquity to the modern times.