Image based techniques for determining spread patterns of centrifugal fertilizer spreaders

Precision fertilization requires new techniques for determining the spread pattern of fertilizer spreaders. Because of the accuracy and non-intrusive nature, techniques based on digital image processing are most promising. Using image processing, dynamics of particles leaving the spreader can be determined. Combined with a ballistic flight model, this allows predicting the landing position of individual fertilizer particles. In a first approach, a two-dimensional imaging technique was used with small field of view (0.33 m on 0.25 m). In the second approach, a larger field of view (1 m on 1 m) was used. To improve the accuracy of previous technique, binocular stereovision was used to determine three-dimensional information. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.