PID-/FOPID-based frequency control of zero-carbon multisources-based interconnected power systems underderegulated scenarios

Zero-carbon multienergy sources (ZCESs) integration into a power system becomes mandatory to reduce energy production costs and fuel-burning emissions. Although, the energy mix of ZCESs with high penetration levels arises at moderated frequency as well as voltage response deterioration of the interconnected power systems. These response deteriorations stem from the fluctuation nature of ZCESs. Therefore, the necessity for overcoming these performance degradations is not an option for power system planners and operators. Thanks to fractional order (FO) mathematics in conjunction with metaheuristic optimization algorithms (MOAs) as they can be employed to enhance the damping of ZCESs oscillations under energy mix uncertainties. Three-area solar thermal-wind-hydro (STWH) power system, including system's uncertainties such as data telemetry delays and governor dead bandsand generation rate constraints, is considered to accomplish this study. The performance of STWH system equipped with FOPID-based load frequency controllers tuned by various modern MOAs (FOPID-based LFCs) has been compared to the classical PID-LFC controllers governed by the same MOAs, to demonstrate the superior efficiency of the FOPID-based LFCs. The efficacy of FOPID-based LFCs and their effectiveness compared to the predecessors are verified during simulation results.