Significant abnormalities of the HDL phosphosphingolipidome in type 1 diabetes despite normal HDL cholesterol concentration

{Objective: Phospholipids and sphingolipids are major components of HDL. They play a critical role in HDL functionality and protective effects against atherosclerosis. As HDL are dysfunctional in type 1 diabetic patients, we ascertained whether they presented abnormalities in their phospholipid and sphingolipid profile, despite normal HDL cholesterol concentration. Methods: Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we quantified the main species of phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, lysophophatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, ceramides, plasmalogens and sphingosines 1-phosphate in the HDL2 and HDL3 from 54 type 1 diabetic patients and 50 controls. Results: Serum HDL cholesterol was similar in the 2 groups of subjects. When data were expressed relative to the total amount of phospholipids and sphingolipids, sphingosines-1-phosphate (S1P) were 11.7% (NS) and 14.4% (p = 0.0062) lower in HDL2 and HDL3, respectively, from type 1 diabetic patients than from controls. Ceramides were 23% (p = 0.005) and 24% (borderline significance) lower in HDL2 and HDL3, respectively. The concentration of apolipoprotein M, the carrier of S1P, was similar in patients and controls. In type 1 diabetic patients compared to controls, the concentration of d18: 1-S1P, the main S1P species, was decreased in total plasma (-17.0%, p < 0.0001), HDL fraction (-21.9%, p < 0.0001) and non-HDL fraction (-13.7%