Chemical and isotopic investigations (delta O-18, delta H-2, H-3, Sr-87/Sr-86) to define groundwater processes occurring in a deep-seated landslide in flysch

Deep-seated landslides are complex systems. In many cases, multidisciplinary studies are necessary to unravel the key hydrological features that can influence their evolution in space and time. The deep-seated Berceto landslide, in the northern Apennines of Italy, has been investigated in order to define the origin and geochemical evolution of groundwater (GW), to identify the slope system hydrological boundary, and to highlight the GW flow paths, transit time and transfer modalities inside the landslide body. This research is based on a multidisciplinary approach that involves monitoring GW levels, obtaining analyses of water chemistry and stable and unstable isotopes (delta O-18-delta H-2, H-3, Sr-87/Sr-86), performing soil leaching tests, geochemical modelling (PHREEQC), and principal component analysis (PCA). The results of delta O-18-delta H-2 and Sr-87/Sr-86 analyses show that the source of GW recharge in the Berceto landslide is local rainwater, and external contributions from a local stream can be excluded. In the landslide body, two GW hydrotypes (Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3) are identified, and the results of PHREEQC and PCA confirm that the chemical features of the GW depend on water-rock interaction processes occurring inside the landslide. The H-3 content suggests a recent origin for GW and appears to highlight mixing between shallow and deep GW aliquots. The H-3 content and GW levels data confirm that shallow GW is mainly controlled by a mass transfer mechanism. The H-3 analyses with GW levels also indicate that only deep GW is controlled by a pressure transfer mechanism, and this mechanism is likely the main influence on the landslide kinematics.